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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for property crimes
43 results foundAuthor: Ferrell, Christopher E. Title: Neighborhood Crime and Travel Behavior: An Investigation of the Influence of Neighborhood Crime Rates on Mode Choice Summary: While much attention has been given to the influence of urban form on travel behavior in recent years, little work has been done on how neighborhood crimes affect this dynamic. This research project studied seven San Francisco Bay Area cities, and found substantiation for the proposition that neighborhood crime rates have an influence on the propensity to choose non-automotive modes of transportation for home-based trips. Specifically, high vice and vagrancy crime rates were associatd with a lowered probability of choosing transit in suburban cities for both work and non-work trips, high property crime rates were associated with a lower probability of walking for work trips in urban cities and inner-ring suburban cities, high violent crime rates with a lower probability of walking for work trips in suburban study cities, while higher property crime rates in San Francisco were associated with an increased probability of walking for non-work trips. Details: San Jose, CA: Mineta Transportation Institute, College of Business, San Jose State University, 2008. 96p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115201 Keywords: Fear of CrimeProperty CrimesTransit (San Francisco)TransportationTravel Behavior |
Author: Kutsuzawa, Ryuji Title: The Impact of Crime on Housing Land Prices and the Effects of Police Boxes and Voluntary Groups on Crime Prevention in Japan Summary: Many people now fear crime in Japan, which has had the image of being a safe country, because the crime rate has increased dramatically and the rate of crime detection has decreased at the same time. As demand for low-crime residential areas becomes stronger, low-crime rates may affect land prices in Japan. High levels of land prices may reflect the high economic value of low-crime neighborhoods. However, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimate may cause a bias because the crime rate is not necessarily an exogenous determinant of land price. Therefore, in this study, we adopt the instrumental variable (IV) method, and use instrumental variables such as distance from police boxes and existence of voluntary anti-crime groups, and analyze the effects of property crime rates on residential land prices. The results show that a 10% decrease in the rate of burglaries causes an average rise in residential land prices of 1%. Details: Nishinomiya, Japan: School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2010. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper No. 60: Accessed October 21, 2010 at: http://192.218.163.163/RePEc/pdf/kgdp60.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Japan URL: Shelf Number: 120041 Keywords: Crime PreventionNeighborhoods and CrimeProperty Crimes |
Author: Finklea, Kristin M. Title: Economic Downturns and Crime Summary: The United States is currently in the midst of a recession that some analysts believe will be the longest-lasting economic downturn since the Great Depression. Various indicators of economic health, such as the unemployment rate and foreclosures, have reached their worst showings in decades over the past few months. The troubled state of the economy has revived the longstanding debate concerning whether economic factors can be linked to increases in the nation’s crime rates. This report examines the available research on how selected economic variables may or may not be related to crime rates. There are multiple macroeconomic indicators, such as the consumer price index or real earnings, that can serve as estimates of economic strength. Specifically, during the current economic downturn, some reference the unemployment rate and the proportion of home foreclosures as proxies for economic health. Therefore, most of the discussion in this report utilizes unemployment and foreclosure data in discussing the relationship between the economy and crime. A number of studies have analyzed the link between the unemployment rate and crime rates (with a greater focus on property crime), some theorizing that in times of economic turmoil, people may turn to illicit rather than licit means of income. However, a review by CRS found a lack of consensus concerning whether the unemployment rate has any correlation with the property crime rate. A number of studies analyzed by CRS that did find a correlation between the unemployment rate and the property crime rate generally examined time periods during which the unemployment and property crime rates moved in tandem. Conversely, some studies that used longer timehorizons tended to find no direct link between the unemployment rate and the property crime rate. The link between foreclosures and crime rates has not been reviewed as comprehensively by social scientists as other broader macroeconomic variables—namely, unemployment. Most of the literature in the field focuses on whether abandoned houses can be linked to increases in crime rather than looking at the particular role that foreclosures may play. The literature reviewed suggests that there is some correlation between abandoned houses and the property crime rate (but not, however, the violent crime rate). With respect to the relationship between foreclosures and crime rates, some of the studies found that foreclosures did have an impact on the violent crime rate (but not the property crime rate). However, the limited number of studies examining the relationship between foreclosure rates and crime rates complicates any attempt to draw firm conclusions. While much research on the relationship between economic variables and crime rates has focused on macroeconomic variables such as unemployment and home foreclosures, some research suggests that other economic variables, such as gross domestic product (GDP) or gross state product (GSP), as well as consumer sentiment, could fluctuate more closely with crime rates and could thus serve as better proxies for evaluating the relationship between the economy and crime. Policy makers continue to be concerned with potential impacts—such as increased crime — that the current economic downturn may have on the nation. As a result, some have suggested that focus should be placed on increasing the resources of state and local police departments (i.e., increasing the number of police officers). In addressing this concern, however, Congress may opt to consider whether the current downturn in the economy is in fact related to crime rates. This report will be updated as needed. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2009. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: CRS Report 7-7500: Accessed February 18, 2011 at: http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40726_20090728.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40726_20090728.pdf Shelf Number: 119619 Keywords: Economics and CrimeHousing ForeclosuresProperty CrimesUnemployment and Crime |
Author: Wing, Janeena Title: Victims of Crime: Property, Violent Crime, Intimate Partner, Family Violence and Sexual Assault Summary: In 2009, violent crime affected 429.4 per 100,000 individuals within the United States dropping –5.2% from 2005 and –7.5% from 2000 (FBI, 2009). Idaho has also followed the national trend with fewer reported victims of crime year to year. This publication discusses the characteristics of victims of crime based on police reports compiled within the Idaho Incident Based Reporting System (IIBRS) between the years 2005 through 2009. Characteristics of victims of property crime, violent crime, domestic violence, family violence, and sexual assault are presented. Because the IIBRS database does not include indentifying information, it is not known how many victims are repeat victims of crime. Therefore, this report will only provide a description of victims of crime broken down by demographics as well as average rates by county, but will not provide information based on number of crimes experienced by the same victim. Information in many instances is aggregated over the five year period as opposed to showing year to year trends to provide a snapshot of typical circumstances surrounding incidents of crime. Crime types sensitive to variances between years including crimes occurring infrequently and crimes occurring in rural areas are more reliably researched when combining years. Important trends: • Total victims of crime, including individuals, businesses, government, financial institutions and religious organizations decreased by –11.1% over the five year period. • Total victims of non-violent crime decreased by –13.6% and victims of violent crime decreased by –5.2% between 2005 and 2009. • Over the five year period, the total number of property crime victims decreased –14.7% from 60,067 to 51,228. • Women are more commonly victims of violent crime than men (55.8% compared to 43.8%). • 21.0% of aggravated assault victims and 13.6% of homicide victims were intimately related to the offender. • 10.8% of aggravated assault victims and 18.2% of homicide victims had a familial relationship with the offender. • Victims of intimate partner violence decreased by –3% over the five year period. • Victims of family violence decreased by –6.0% over the five year period. • Since 2005, the numbers of victims has increased by 1.8%, but has decreased by - 11.0% since 2006. • The offender in 30.8% of sexual assaults was a family member. Details: Meridian, ID: Idaho Statistical Analysis Center, 2010. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2011 at: http://www.isp.idaho.gov/pgr/Research/documents/ictims2009.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.isp.idaho.gov/pgr/Research/documents/ictims2009.pdf Shelf Number: 121685 Keywords: Family ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceProperty CrimesSexual AssaultVictims of Crime (Idaho)Violent Crime |
Author: Cui, Lin Title: Foreclosure, Vacancy and Crime Summary: This paper examines the impact of residential foreclosures and vacancies on violent and property crime. To overcome confounding factors, a difference-in-difference research design is applied to a unique data set containing geocoded foreclosure and crime data from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Results indicate that while foreclosure alone has no effect on crime, violent crime increases by Details: Pittsburg, PA: Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh, 2010. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 4, 2011 at: Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 122974 Keywords: Housing Foreclosures (U.S.)Neighborhoods and CrimeProperty CrimesUrban AreasVacant Properties |
Author: Vignaendra, Sumitra Title: Recent Trends in Legal Proceedings for Breach of Bail, Juvenile Remand and Crime Summary: Between 2007 and 2008, the juvenile remand population in New South Wales (NSW) grew by 32 per cent, from an average of 181 per day to 239 per day. This bulletin examines two factors that may have influenced the upward trend: police enforcement of bail laws and changes to the Bail Act 1978 that restricted the number of applications for bail that can be made. It also examines the question of whether the upward trend in the number of juveniles on remand is helping to reduce property crime. The findings show that both factors are contributing to the growth in the number of juveniles remanded in custody. There is no evidence, however, that the growth in the size of the juvenile remand population is helping to reduce property crime. Details: Sydney: New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2009. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice, No. 128: Accessed November 2, 2011 at: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb128.pdf/$file/cjb128.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb128.pdf/$file/cjb128.pdf Shelf Number: 123216 Keywords: Bail, JuvenilesJuvenile Offenders (Australia)Property CrimesRemand |
Author: Malleson, Nick Title: Simulating Burglary with an Agent-Based Model Summary: Understanding the processes behind crime is an important research area in criminology, which has major implications for both improving policies and developing effective crime prevention strategies (Brantingham and Brantingham, 2004; Groff, 2007a). In order to test modern opportunity theories it is essential to be able model the complex, dynamic interactions of the individuals involved in each crime event. However, studies to date are limited in their ability to provide consistent support for these theories due to an inability to model complex micro-level interactions (Groff, 2007a). Agent-based modelling (ABM) represents a shift in the social sciences towards the use of models that work at the level of the individual. Using the ABM paradigm, human agents can be implemented with realistic human behaviour who interact with each other and their environment to create a dynamic system which mimics a real scenario. This paper presents the development and application of an ABM for simulating the occurrence of residential burglary at an individual level. Experiments are conducted investigate the effectiveness of burglary reduction strategies and criminology theories. The model is able to demonstrate that a commonly used crime-reduction initiative is ineffective at removing crime hotspots. Details: Leeds, UK: School of Geography, University of Leeds, 2009. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 09/3: Accessed January 20, 2012 at: http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/school/research/wpapers/09-03.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/school/research/wpapers/09-03.pdf Shelf Number: 123689 Keywords: Crime AnalysisCrime PreventionGeographic StudiesProperty CrimesResidential Burglary (Leeds) |
Author: Cahill, Megan Title: Foreclosures and Crime in the District of Columbia, 2003-2010 Summary: The continuing high foreclosure rates experienced nationwide are a central factor in the current economic crisis. The volume of foreclosures in Washington, D.C., which is relatively low compared to many places in the United States, rose steadily from 2006 through 2009 (see figure 1) and dropped off in 2010 (with enactment of the D.C. Foreclosure Mediation Law that year; see sidebar). Foreclosures can have detrimental effects on neighborhoods, contributing to higher levels of disorder and crime. This brief explores the relationship between foreclosures and crime in Washington, D.C. If foreclosed homeowners leave a property and the bank, as the new owner, is unable to sell it immediately, the house is left vacant. Vacant houses that are not kept up are likely to become eyesores, with overgrown lawns and deteriorating physical conditions, sending the message that the house is not cared for, and that the neighborhood tolerates such conditions. Abandoned properties are particularly susceptible to drug-dealing, gang activity, illegal dumping and arson. Details: Washington, DC: District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute, Urban Institute, 2012. 5p. Source: Brief No. 12: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 26, 2012 at http://www.dccrimepolicy.org/images/DCPIBriefForecl01182012_Large_1.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.dccrimepolicy.org/images/DCPIBriefForecl01182012_Large_1.pdf Shelf Number: 123783 Keywords: Economics and Crime (Washington, DC)Housing ForeclosuresProperty CrimesVacant Properties |
Author: Altindag, Duha T. Title: Essays on the Economics of Crime Summary: This dissertation includes three essays on the application of economics to various aspects of crime and criminal activity. The research presented in this dissertation points out a cause and a consequence of crime as well as the possible influence of a law on criminal activity. The first chapter provides an introduction to the ways that economic reasoning can be used to analyze criminal activity. The second chapter examines individuals‟ gun carrying activity in the presence of concealed weapon laws. The results suggest that allowing law-abiding individuals to carry concealed handguns is more likely to reduce crime than to increase it. Chapter 3 investigates the effect of joblessness on criminal activity using an international panel data set. The results indicate that increase in unemployment causes more property crimes. The fourth chapter presents evidence for the existence of a negative externality of crime. Countries that have higher crime rates suffer from the loss of international tourists and tourism revenue. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of the dissertation, provides concluding remarks, and discusses opportunities for future research in the economics of crime. Details: Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Department of Economics, 2011. 105p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 30, 2012 at: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-05152011-212114/unrestricted/altindag_diss.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-05152011-212114/unrestricted/altindag_diss.pdf Shelf Number: 124769 Keywords: Concealed WeaponsCosts of CrimeCrime and EconomicsGunsProperty CrimesUnemployment and Crime |
Author: Papadopoulos, Georgios Title: Are Immigrants more Criminal than Natives? An Application of some Estimators for Under-reported Outcomes using the Offending, Crime, and Justice Survey Summary: This paper mainly studies the individual level relationship between immigration and property crime in England and Wales. For this purpose, the Offending, Crime, and Justice Survey is used, a representative national survey of self-reported crime. Models that account for under-reporting are used, as this is the major concern in selfreports. These models indicate that under-reporting is considerably large and depends on respondents' characteristics. However, our findings suggest that, if anything, immigrants tend to under-report less than natives. Binary choice models reveal that, after controlling for under-reporting and for basic demographic characteristics, the probability of committing a crime is lower for immigrants, but the difference is statistically insignificant. This finding is evident in count data models as well, as being an immigrant (insignificantly) decreases the mean number of crimes. Furthermore, violent crime results indicate that the immigrant-crime association is also negative for violent crime. Interestingly, a decomposition of immigrants by regions reveals that different regions attract immigrants of different criminal behavior, or that immigrants adapt differently across regions. Finally, the results also show that immigrants of different ethnic groups exhibit disparate criminal behavior. Details: Colchester, UK: Department of Economics, University of Essex, 2010. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2012 at: http://www.webmeets.com/files/papers/SAEE/2010/21/Job%20Market%20Paper-Are%20immigrants%20more%20criminal%20than%20natives-An%20application%20of%20estimators%20for%20under-reporting%20using%20the%20OCJS.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.webmeets.com/files/papers/SAEE/2010/21/Job%20Market%20Paper-Are%20immigrants%20more%20criminal%20than%20natives-An%20application%20of%20estimators%20for%20under-reporting%20using%20the%20OCJS.pdf Shelf Number: 125141 Keywords: Immigrants and CrimeImmigration (U.K.)Property CrimesUnder-reporting |
Author: Sorensen, David W.M. Title: Rounding Up Suspects in the Rise of Danish Burglary: A Statistical Analysis of the 2008/09 Increase in Residential Break-ins Summary: During the 18-year period 1990 to 2007, the number of reported residential burglaries (indbrud i beboelse) was very stable. This changed in 2008 to 2010, when burglary increased by 30% (averaged over these three years) as compared to the previous 18-year average. Seen in its most extreme light, the number of reported burglaries in 2009 was 65.3% higher than in 2005. Little solid evidence exists as to why residential burglary increased so dramatically in 2008 and 2009. The current report examines this question using POLSAS data on 234,745 residential burglaries reported in Denmark during the six-year period 2005-2010, plus data on long term crime trends (1990-2010) and other social indicators. The report begins with a comparison of the rise in burglary to trends in overall Danish property crime. This reveals that the increase in burglary is far greater than that for any other major crime category. Burglary is therefore unique in this regard. Trends in Danish burglary are then compared to burglary trends in the EU and other Nordic countries to see if Denmark’s increase is part of a wider EU/Nordic phenomenon. The EU countries worst hit by the economic recession of 2008 experienced the sharpest increases in burglary. Denmark shares little in common with these countries, but shares much in common with Sweden, which also experienced a (far more modest) rise in burglary. In sum, domestic and international trend analyses reveal that the increase in Danish burglary probably has multiple causes emanating from both within and outside Denmark. The report examines whether any of the following factors may have contributed to the rise in Danish burglary: · Changes in public reporting tendencies and police recording practices · Population age, drug use and economic recession · Increasing professionalism · Crime tourism · The Police Reform of 2007 The results are as follows: · Reporting/Recording: The report finds no evidence of increased reporting tendencies other than the fact that victim loss per burglary has increased, which all else equal should increase the likelihood of reporting. There have been no changes in police recording practices or in the ease with which burglary can be reported to police. There is, therefore, no reason to believe that the increase in reported burglary stems from a simple change in the way in which it is reported or recorded by police. · Age/Drugs/Economy: There has been a small increase in the proportion of the Danish population in the peak crime ages (16-25), as well as increases in the use of cocaine and amphetamines. The economic crisis of 2008/9 increased unemployment, which created financial hardship especially for young adults. All of these factors may have contributed to the increase in burglary, but none are likely to have caused it on their own. · Professionalism: Increased professionalism is likely to manifest itself in greater efficiency and greater productivity, i.e., more burglaries. There is evidence that burglars are becoming more professional in Denmark. This evidence includes an increase in the theft of expensive designer furniture (which requires trucks to transport), an increase in repeat victimization at the same households, and an increase in the average number of charged crimes per offender. · Crime Tourism: While there has been a significant increase in crime tourism, i.e., burglaries committed by persons who have their legal residence outside of Denmark, it seems unlikely to explain the increase in burglary on its own. This is because the overall raw number of burglaries estimated as attributable to crime tourists is simply too low. Furthermore, part of the apparent increase in crime tourism may reflect an increased focus on the part of the police. This said, crime tourism does seem to be growing, and crime tourists have a higher crime frequency per person (as measured via average number of charges) than Danish residents and tend to operate in larger co-offending groups. The average number of charged crimes per offender is also increasing among Danish residents. Only 6.5% of all cases result in charges against one or more offenders. The figures on crime tourism are based on this minority of apprehended offenders and therefore must be interpreted with caution. · Police Reform: Distractions caused by the Police Reform of 2007 are likely to have temporarily reduced police performance resulting in decreases in clearance rates (sigtelsesrater). Decreased clearance may have contributed to the rise in burglary via its negative effects on incapacitation. The influx of crime tourism and distractions caused by the Police Reform are likely to have had the most influence amongst the factors listed above. This said, the evidence for their involvement is not especially compelling. There may be other factors far more important that have not been considered in this report. One factor completely missing from this report is the possibility that changes in police tactics (i.e., use/disuse of Top Ten lists, DNA, etc.) influenced the rise. Any future investigations of the 2008/9 rise in residential burglary should consider this. Details: Copenhagen: Danish Crime Prevention Council, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2012 at: http://www.dkr.dk/sites/default/files/Rise_in_Burglary.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Denmark URL: http://www.dkr.dk/sites/default/files/Rise_in_Burglary.pdf Shelf Number: 125225 Keywords: Drugs and CrimeProperty CrimesResidential Burglary (Denmark)TheftTourism and Crime |
Author: Bradley, David Title: The Extent of Crime and Anti-social Behaviour Facing Designated Heritage Assets: Final Report Summary: Heritage crime has been defined as any offence which harms the value of England's heritage assets and their settings to this and future generations. There has been growing concern at the risks of crime and anti-social behaviour faced by designated heritage assets, but the true extent of heritage crime had remained difficult to measure. This study collated and analysed data on damage from criminal behaviour to heritage assets in England. The report provides a review of the data collection procedures undertaken by the study to identify those that are most effective in building understanding of the scale and nature of heritage crime. The report then tries to answer a series of key questions about heritage crime. Finally there are some conclusions and selective recommendations aimed at improving future understanding of heritage crime. This study has trialled five main different data collection processes, aiming to find ‘what works’ for potential repeat research in future years: stratified survey of heritage asset owners and guardians web searches e-survey of interested organisations and others survey of local authorities in relation to unlawful development collation of other data. These innovative heritage crime data collection activities yielded an unprecedented volume of information, which have been processed into two main data types: responses from the stratified sample of heritage asset owners/guardians to a phone survey collated database of individual heritage crimes. The primary value of the crime database is in its provision of extra, more qualitative, information beyond that obtainable from the stratified survey. The empirical material is drawn on to answer in turn the specific questions that the study has addressed. How prevalent is heritage crime in different types of area? heritage assets located in central urban areas face the risks common to all buildings in such areas heritage crime risk does not vary very consistently between broad areas of the country in areas with few heritage assets (eg. many deprived areas), assets face higher heritage crime risk in-depth research is needed to assess further the true level of unauthorised developments to assets What type of heritage crime is most prevalent? criminal damage makes up the bulk of all heritage crime the risk of criminal damage to heritage assets is substantially greater in more deprived areas the frequency of metal theft also warrants separate consideration metal theft is higher where historic assets are few, and in particular in the North What types of heritage asset are most affected by crime? variation in overall heritage crime risk was slight between most heritage asset types criminal damage is the main heritage crime risk for Listed Buildings and in Conservation Areas damage by owners due to unauthorised changes is a non-trivial element of the total picture metal theft is not a great risk to buildings in Conservation Areas that are not individually designated Scheduled Monuments are different to other heritage assets, in being at rather low risk of metal theft and criminal damage, and higher risk of other crime such as unauthorised metal detecting What type of heritage crime most affects each type of heritage asset? criminal damage is the main heritage crime risk for all use types of heritage assets except farms religious buildings stand out with their higher risk of criminal damage and, most notably, metal theft some of the evidence points to a higher risk for buildings that are unoccupied for more of the time otherwise the risk ‘profile’ by heritage crime types and ASB does not vary greatly by building usage What can be said on the extent of different types of impact of heritage crime? variation in risk of higher impact crime was slight between most heritage asset types criminal damage is the main risk leading to impact on all asset types arson is infrequent but can have huge monetary costs and damaging impacts on the fabric metal theft can also have significant ‘secondary’ effects beyond the direct cost of replacement evidence on BT Listed call boxes shows repair costs per incident varying little by area, but incidence varies in the ways seen before (higher in more urban, more deprived and less historic areas) What is known about links between socio-economic trends and recent trends in heritage crime? the trend itself remains uncertain little is confidently known of factors ‘driving’ heritage crime trends generally it appears that metal theft is a growing problem, and this is linkable to wholesale metal price trends overall acquisitive crime levels may have changed little, but a ‘diversion‘ to metal theft may also mean a ‘diversion’ towards heritage crime because of the amount of lead on historic roofs The final part of the report draws together observations and recommendations about ‘what worked’ in the data collection processes, and then sketches a small number of reflections on the data needed by those tackling heritage crime, and some further research which may assist them. Is it possible to instigate common practices in heritage crime data recording? The most directly relevant enhancement of official crime recording could be the introduction of a specific question as to whether a heritage asset was involved in the crime. Agreed terminology allows keyword searches to be efficient and to yield robust results, and a new terminology has been devised for the collated crimes database of this study. An ideal development would be for all future British Crime Surveys to include an indicator of the heritage status (or otherwise) of the location of each respondent. Are there implications from the study for broader issues related to heritage crime? The most fundamental question – which has not been addressed by this study – is whether “heritage crime” should be specifically recognised in law, rather than be covered either directly or in part by a large number of separate strands of legislation. Should there be continual or repeated heritage crime data collection? Several of the sources accessed in this study are, for various reasons, unlikely to produce statistical data from which robust estimates of national prevalence can be produced. Heritage Asset owners and guardians 6 could be re-surveyed on a regular basis, but other data gathering efforts would incur lower cost and could be a valuable way of keeping aware of emerging concern. There are also non-statistical reasons for further information gathering, where this is a focus of partnership building activities. Are there other opportunities for improving intelligence on heritage crime? Police Forces have the technical skills required to perform analysis on data they already have, but this would be helped if heritage asset owners and guardians were to consistently report incidents: this study found that 1 in 3 of the heritage crimes recalled in the survey had not been reported. Should there be other heritage crime research studies following up points raised here? Crimes on heritage assets in a marine environment will only be adequately researched by a separate dedicated study. Another type of heritage crime requiring a specific study would be the use of metal detectors for illegal activities detrimental to archaeology. The study also leads to the suggestion of research on the scale of unlawful developments to heritage assets by their owners or guardians. Finally there is the possibility of comparative research to assess whether the patterns in heritage crime found in this study are limited to England, although such studies would need to take into account the variations in legislation between different jurisdictions in the British Isles. Details: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, 2012. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2012 at: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/p-t/researchpaper.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/p-t/researchpaper.pdf Shelf Number: 125679 Keywords: AntiquitiesAntisocial BehaviorArt CrimeCultural PropertyHeritage Crime (U.K.)Property Crimes |
Author: Abrahamn, Vinoj Title: The Deteriorating Labour Market Conditions and Crime: An Analysis of Indian States during 2001-2008 Summary: Incidence of crime in India has been mounting at a fast pace , especially during the last decade. Moreover, crime on body seems to be increasing in comparison to crime on property. Economics and Sociology literature on crime attributes labour market as a transmitting institution for crime. This paper is an attempt to understand the issue of crime in India as a socio-economic problem with particular reference to the Indian labour market. I argue that the poor labour market conditions in the Indian economy that has been developing in the recent past may be a prime factor in explaining the spate of rise in crime rates recently. Panel data analysis of Indian states during the period 2001- 2008 show that unemployment and wage inequality are key variables that explains the crime rate in India, especially crime on body. Education similarly seems to reduce property crime rate. Crime also seem to be deterred by an efficient judicial delivery system, however the role of police as a deterrent is ambiguous. Details: Kerala, India: Centre for Development Studies, 2011. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: MPRA Paper No. 31387: Accessed July 24, 2012 at: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/31387/2/MPRA_paper_31387.pdf Year: 2011 Country: India URL: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/31387/2/MPRA_paper_31387.pdf Shelf Number: 125759 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomic ConditionsEmploymentLabor MarketProperty CrimesUnemployment and Crime (India) |
Author: Gwynn, Mike Title: Theft of Construction Plant & Equipment Summary: This paper examines the problem of construction plant and equipment theft as it affects various insurance markets in the world and the actions which can be taken by those plant operators who wish to reduce their exposure to theft. Details: International Association of Engineering Insurers, 2005. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2012 at: http://www.imia.com/downloads/imia_papers/wgp43_2005.pdf Year: 2005 Country: International URL: http://www.imia.com/downloads/imia_papers/wgp43_2005.pdf Shelf Number: 126731 Keywords: BurglaryConstruction Equipement TheftCrime PreventionCrimes Against BusinessesProperty CrimesTheft Offenses |
Author: Sturmey, Tony Title: Plant Theft in the UK & the Industry Response Summary: Construction Equipment (usually referred to as Plant) is commonly found at building sites and roadworks. The term “Plant” covers a variety of equipment from handheld portable tools to large earthmoving equipment and mobile cranes. There are many types of plant covering a wide variety of uses including such items as generators, excavators, and access platforms. As technology progresses, Plant has become more compact. A side effect of this is that Plant has become easier to steal. Like anything which has value and for which there is a ready market, machinery and equipment is highly susceptible to theft. For Plant, the risk is greater, as most items can be either carried away or, in the case of a large proportion of mobile plant, started with the use of a single common key. The precise extent of the problem in financial terms is open for dispute, but it is accepted the problem is commonplace in the UK costing in the region of £1.5 million every week, with mini-diggers alone producing annual estimated losses of around £20.0 million. The principal victims of Plant theft are the contractors, the Insurers, banks and financial institutions. Uninsured losses to the Plant owner are estimated to be twice the value of the item stolen and reflect the cost of delays and administrative expenses that arise following the theft. Once stolen, equipment is rarely recovered. Until recently, the recovery rates for Plant were in the region of 5%. This compares to 70% for other vehicles such as cars. There are numerous causes for this wide discrepancy, not least of which is the lack of any uniform and centralised data registration system for recording Plant identification. In fact, even when it is recovered, items of Plant often remains unidentified by Insurers who lack specific details of what was insured and Owners who, having received monies from their Insurers, have already replaced the stolen items. In the UK Insurance market it is common practise to write policies on a “blanket” or unspecified basis. As a result Insurers often do not have the specific details of the Plant they are covering, no idea if the declared New Replacement Value is accurate and very little idea how it’s being protected against Theft. Only in situations when the Plant is hired out do Insurers retain, at least some possibility of recouping their losses under Hire Conditions that may make the Hirer responsible for loss or damage. In an effort to combat theft, the “Plant Theft Action Group” (PTAG) was formed in 1996 as a Home office advisory body under the auspices of the Vehicle Crime Reduction Team (VCRAT). The Home Office produced the first version of its Security Guidance Document in 2002. Despite the efforts of this and other industry groups, until recently little progress had been made, as Insurers, manufacturers and users failed to find a common basis to move forward. The picture that emerges is that overall Plant is poorly protected, with mini-excavators and trailer/towed Plant being particularly vulnerable. Details: International Association of Engineering Insurers, 2010. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 2, 2012 at http://www.imia.com/downloads/external_papers/EP44_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.imia.com/downloads/external_papers/EP44_2010.pdf Shelf Number: 127100 Keywords: BurglaryConstruction Equipment TheftCosts of CrimeProperty CrimesTheft Offenses |
Author: Anderson, D. Mark Title: Youth Depression and Future Criminal Behavior Summary: While the contemporaneous association between mental health problems and criminal behavior has been explored in the literature, the long-term consequences of such problems, depression in particular, have received much less attention. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the effect of depression during adolescence on the probability of engaging in a number of criminal behaviors later in life. In our analysis, we control for a rich set of individual, family, and neighborhood level factors to account for conditions that may be correlated with both childhood depression and adult criminality. One novelty in our approach is the estimation of school and sibling fixed effects models to account for unobserved heterogeneity at the neighborhood and family levels. Furthermore, we exploit the longitudinal nature of our data set to account for baseline differences in criminal behavior. We find little evidence that adolescent depression predicts the likelihood of engaging in violent crime or the selling of illicit drugs. However, our empirical estimates show that adolescents who suffer from depression face an increased probability of engaging in property crime. Our estimates imply that the lower-bound economic cost of property crime associated with adolescent depression is about 219 million dollars annually. Details: Cambridge, MD: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series: Working Paper 18656: Accessed January 17, 2013 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18656 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18656 Shelf Number: 127344 Keywords: Childhood DepressionEmotional DisordersMental HealthProperty Crimes |
Author: Landerso, Rasmus Title: School Starting Age and Crime Summary: This paper investigates the effects of school starting age on crime while relying on variation in school starting age induced by administrative rules; we exploit that Danish children typically start first grade in the calendar year they turn seven, which gives rise to a discontinuity in children’s school starting age. Analyses are carried out using register-based Danish data. We find that higher age at school start lowers the propensity to commit crime, but that this reduction is caused by incapacitation while human capital accumulation is unaffected. Importantly, we also find that the individuals who benefit most from being old-forgrade are those with high latent abilities whereas those with low latent ability seem to be unaffected by being old-for-grade in school. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2013. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 7228: Accessed March 7, 2013 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp7228.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Denmark URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp7228.pdf Shelf Number: 127859 Keywords: Age and Crime (Denmark)Property CrimesProperty OffendersSchool Starting Age |
Author: Bileski, Matt Title: Arizona Property Crime Trends, CY2002-2011 Data Brief Summary: The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program is a valuable tool for analyzing the frequency and rate of crime in Arizona and across the country. According to the FBI, the U.S. property crime rate, as measured by three property index offenses (burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft), has decreased from calendar years (CY) 2002 through 2011. This data brief looks more closely at the trends over time in Arizona for the three property index offenses. Although arson is often included in national data, arson offense rates are not available for Arizona. Instead, data on the U.S. arson offense rate and arrests for arson in Arizona are provided. The data used in this brief were submitted to the FBI’s UCR program by local police agencies across Arizona and the nation and was published by the FBI in their UCR program report titled Crime in the United States. Details: Phoenix: Statistical Analysis Center, Arizona Criminal Justice Commission, 2013. 2p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2013 at: http://acjc.state.az.us/ACJC.Web/Pubs/Home/Arizona%20Property%20Crime%20Trends%20CY2002-2011.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://acjc.state.az.us/ACJC.Web/Pubs/Home/Arizona%20Property%20Crime%20Trends%20CY2002-2011.pdf Shelf Number: 128136 Keywords: ArsonBurglaryCrime Statistics (Arizona, U.S.)Larceny-TheftMotor Vehicle TheftProperty Crimes |
Author: Byles, Dennis Title: Sentencing trends in the higher courts of Victoria 2007–08 to 2011–12. Theft Summary: This Sentencing Snapshot describes sentencing outcomes for the offence of theft and details the age and gender of people sentenced for this offence in the County and Supreme Courts of Victoria between 2007–08 and 2011–12. Except where otherwise noted, the data represent sentences imposed at first instance. A person who dishonestly appropriates any property belonging to another person with the intention of permanently depriving that person of the property is guilty of theft. Theft is an indictable offence that carries a maximum penalty of 10 years’ imprisonment5 and/or a fine of 1,200 penalty units. Indictable offences are more serious offences triable before a judge and jury in the County or Supreme Court. Theft can also be tried summarily by the Magistrates’ Court if the property involved meets certain criteria, the Magistrates’ Court considers it appropriate and the defendant consents. Theft was the principal offence in 2.2% of cases sentenced in the higher courts between 2007–08 and 2011–12. Details: Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Sentencing Advisory Council, 2013. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Sentencing Snapshot No. 137: Accessed March 30, 2013 at: https://sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/files/snapshot_137_sentencing_trends_for_theft_in_the_higher_courts_of_victoria_march_2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: https://sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/files/snapshot_137_sentencing_trends_for_theft_in_the_higher_courts_of_victoria_march_2013.pdf Shelf Number: 128182 Keywords: Property CrimesSentencing (Victoria, Australia)StealingTheft Offenses |
Author: Johansson, Hanna Sofia Title: Preventing Illegal Export of Cultural Objects: Summary Summary: Most countries have adopted legislation for protecting against the export of certain older cultural objects. There are also common EU regulations regarding the export of such objects to a third country. In Sweden, export has been regulated by law since the beginning of the 1920’s. A person who unlawfully takes out a protected object from the country risks being sentenced for up to six years in prison for smuggling. The purpose behind the legislation is that objects that are considered important to the cultural heritage should remain within the country. Cultural heritage is considered important because it contributes to the creation of a common identity. Additionally, it is seen as especially valuable because a cultural heritage that is lost cannot be compensated for financially. Objects that are encompassed by the export regulations include old paintings, drawings, incunabula2, books, archives and other antiques. Examples of objects included in the “other antiques” category are the cabinet on the front cover and the mirror sconce on the back cover. In general, the export restrictions apply to cultural objects that are older than 100 years. For many objects, there are also value limits that need to be reached in order for the export regulations to apply. There is no value limit for old furniture, and the age limit is fixed. This means that all furniture manufactured before 1860 requires a permit for export. Details: Stockholm: The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå), 2012. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2013 at: http://www.bra.se/download/18.4dfe0028139b9a0cf4080001495/2012_10_preventing_illegal_export_of_cultural_objects_summary.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.bra.se/download/18.4dfe0028139b9a0cf4080001495/2012_10_preventing_illegal_export_of_cultural_objects_summary.pdf Shelf Number: 128298 Keywords: AntiquitiesArt CrimeCultural PropertyHeritage Crime (Sweden)Property Crimes |
Author: Moffatt, Steve Title: An update of long-term trends in property and violent crime in New South Wales: 1990-2012 Summary: Aim: The aim of this paper is to analyse the trends in the rates of annual recorded incidents of ten major categories of property and violent crime for the period 1990 to 2012 in New South Wales (NSW). Method: Offence rates were calculated using criminal incident data from the NSW Police Force Computerised Operational Policing System (COPS) for the period 1995 to 2012, and the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research’s recorded crime statistics report series for the period 1990 to 1994. Kendall’s trend test was run on the 23 annual rates for each of the ten major offence categories. Results: Some categories of crime in NSW are now at the lowest recorded levels they have been for over 20 years. Comparing per capita rates of crime in 2012 with per capita rates in 1990, lower rates were found for: murder (51% lower), motor vehicle theft (73% lower), break and enter non-dwelling (65% lower), break and enter dwelling (45% lower), robbery with a weapon not a firearm (29% lower), robbery with a firearm (71% lower), and robbery without a weapon (26% lower). Three of the ten offence types analysed in this report were found to have recorded rates higher in 2012 than in 1990: assault (74% higher), sexual assault (130% higher) and ‘other’ sexual offences (77% higher). It is not clear whether the increases in these offences are the result of higher rates of offending or greater willingness to report them. Conclusion: In the period since 1990, assault and sexual assault rates recorded significant long term upward trends whilst the other eight offences analysed in this report were trending down or stable. The 2012 recorded sexual assault rate was marginally above the previous highs of 2009 and 2010 and the rate since 2000 has recorded a significant uptrend. Apart from sexual assault, the remaining nine offence types have recorded significant downtrends in recorded rates since 2000. The three robbery and three property crime rates have all recorded falls of more than 55% since 2000. Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2013. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Issue Paper No. 84: Accessed May 1, 2013 at: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/BB84.pdf/$file/BB84.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/BB84.pdf/$file/BB84.pdf Shelf Number: 128509 Keywords: Crime Statistics (Australia)Crime TrendsProperty CrimesViolent Crime |
Author: Walters, Jennifer Hardison Title: Household Burglary, 1994-2011 Summary: This report presents rates and trends in household burglary from 1993 to 2011. The report explores overall trends in household burglary and examines patterns in completed household burglary by type and value of items stolen, percentage of burglaries reported to the police and insurance companies, and police response. It also describes the characteristics of victimized households. Data are from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which collects information on nonfatal crimes, reported and not reported to the police, from a nationally representative sample of U.S. households. Highlights: The rate of household burglary decreased 56% from 1994 to 2011, from a peak of 63.4 victimizations per 1,000 U.S. households in 1994 to 27.6 victimizations per 1,000 households in 2011. From 1994 to 2011, the rate of completed burglary decreased by at least half across households headed by persons of all races and Hispanic origin. Among all completed burglaries, those involving the theft of an electronic device or household appliance increased from 28% in 2001 to 34% in 2011. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2013 at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/hb9411.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/hb9411.pdf Shelf Number: 129184 Keywords: Crime StatisticsHousehold Burglary (U.S.)Property CrimesVictimization Surveys |
Author: BenYishay, Ariel Title: Crime and Microenterprise Growth: Evidence from Mexico Summary: In this paper we investigate one potential explanation for low rates of microenterprise growth: robbery. Robbery limits the incentives of entrepreneurs to invest in productive moveable assets, and is one of the main shocks reported by urban microentrepreneurs in a recent survey in Mexico. We explore the relationship between property crime and growth among microenterprises in Mexico using repeated cross-sectional data on these enterprises and the incidence of crime. We find that higher rates of property crime are associated with a significantly lower probability that an enterprise plans to expand in the next 12 months or experience income growth. These effects are unique to property crimes and are independent of other types of crime, including violent offenses. Finally, our results are not driven by border or drug crime states, and are robust to a number of controls for heterogeneity in the growth potential of firms and for local institutional quality. Details: Unpublished Paper, 2012. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2013 at: econ.hunter.cuny.edu Year: 2012 Country: Mexico URL: Shelf Number: 129217 Keywords: MicroenterprisesProperty CrimesRobbery (Mexico) |
Author: De Senna Fernandes, Linda Micaela Monteiro Title: Residential Burglary in Macao: A Rational Choice Analysis Summary: This thesis is based on an evaluation of 1,060 cases of residential burglary in Macao in the years 2001, 2002 and 2003. Using official data sources supplemented by interviews, self-reported measures and on-site observations, the analyses are aimed to see if the rational choice perspective can be used to explain the situation of residential burglary in Macao, thereby acquiring more background information concerning such criminal act. Such study makes use of the distribution pattern of hotspots for residential burglary, the time of the offence, the characteristics of the victims particularly their lifestyles and the characteristics of the dwellings within the neighbourhoods that are prone to such criminal act. Research findings reveal that the rational choice perspective provides an analytical tool to understanding certain aspects of residential burglary in Macao. The relevance of this perspective comes into play when burglars in Macao appear to make rational choice when selecting their offence locations as well as targets. For instance, burglars in Macao tend to choose i) neighbourhoods that are closer to their home base; ii) buildings that are comparatively vulnerable and within reach; iii) buildings that are near to ground-level stores that facilitate their target selection processes; iv) dwellings that are left unoccupied and are less visible to neighbours and passers by and v) time period that secures the absence of capable guardians (such as 12:01 - 18:00) if not the vulnerability of them (03:01 - 06:00). Whatever the degree of rationality, however, research findings also reveal that the rational choice perspective is limited to the extent that it cannot explain certain features in Macao. For instance, the perspective fails to explain why it is not necessary, in the situation of Macao, to ensure the presence of suitable targets existing all at once, why higher population density, higher neighbourhood's average income, higher transient population and higher individual's confinement to their routine daily activities are not associated with higher burglary rate in certain neighbourhoods. Indeed, the limitations of the rational choice perspective is owed, to a large extent, to the fact that the perspective is derived from Western studies and that Macao has its own unique geographical settings as well as cultural background that are seen to play a vital role in the determination of such distinctive pattern of residential burglary. Hence, although this research serves to flesh out the use of the rational choice perspective in assessing the validity of the choice criteria for residential burglary, it implores that other theoretical perspectives like social disorganisation theory, the routine activity and situational opportunity theories be used should the rational choice perspective be taken further. In addition, the discrepancy thus put forward suggests that crime prevention strategies should be divided into location-focused, dwelling-focused, victim-focused and offender-focused interventions in order to improve the current measures against residential burglary in Macao. Details: Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, 2007. 311p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 11, 2013. at: http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/52680 Year: 2007 Country: China URL: http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/52680 Shelf Number: 131612 Keywords: Crime PreventionHot SpotsProperty CrimesRational Choice TheoryResidential Burglary (China) |
Author: National Insurance Crime Bureau Title: 2012 Equipment Theft Report Summary: his report, co-produced with the National Equipment Register (NER), examines heavy equipment theft data submitted by law enforcement to the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and profiles that data according to theft state, theft city, theft month, equipment manufacturer, equipment style (type) and year of manufacture. The report also examines heavy equipment recoveries in 2012 based on those same criteria. NER is a division of Verisk Crime Analytics, a Verisk Analytics (Nasdaq:VRSK) company. In 2012, a total of 10,925 heavy equipment thefts were reported to law enforcement-a decrease of 7 percent from the 11,705 reported in 2011. When compared with the 13,511 reported thefts in 2008, there has been an overall 19 percent reduction in heavy equipment thefts. Texas ranked number one in 2012 with 1,401 reported thefts. In second place was North Carolina with 1,037 thefts followed by Florida in third with 890 thefts. In fourth place was California with 686 thefts, and tied for fifth-Georgia and South Carolina with 595 each. The top five cities with the most thefts were Houston (163); Miami (107); Conroe, Texas (83); Oklahoma City, Okla. (79) and Fresno, Calif. (64). The three most stolen heavy equipment items in 2012 were: Mowers (riding or garden tractor: 5,363); Loaders (skid steer, wheeled: 1,943); and, Tractors (wheeled or tracked: 1,459). Heavy equipment manufactured by John Deere was the number one theft target in 2012 followed in order by Kubota Tractor Corp., Bobcat, Caterpillar and Toro. As for recoveries, only 20 percent of heavy equipment stolen in 2012 was found, making it a costly crime for insurance companies, equipment owners and rental agencies. NICB urges equipment owners to incorporate theft prevention strategies into their business practices and recommends the following theft prevention tips:Install hidden fuel shut-off systems; Remove fuses and circuit breakers when equipment is unattended; Render equipment immobile or difficult to move after hours or on weekends by clustering it in a "wagon circle," Place more easily transported items, such as generators and compressors, in the middle of the circle surrounded by larger pieces of equipment; Maintain a photo archive and a specific list of the PIN and component part serial numbers of each piece of heavy equipment in a central location. Stamp or engrave equipment parts with identifying marks, numbers or corporate logos; Use hydro locks to fix articulated equipment in a curved position, preventing it from traveling in a straight line; Use sleeve locks to fix backhoe pads in an extended position, keeping wheels off the ground. Details: Des Plaines, IL: National Insurance Crime Bureau, 2012. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2013 at Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://www.nicb.org/File%20Library/Public%20Affairs/2012-NICB-HEreport.pdf Shelf Number: 131784 Keywords: BurglaryConstruction Equipment TheftCosts of CrimeEquipment TheftProperty CrimesTheft Offenses |
Author: Hunt, Priscillia Title: Evaluation of the Shreveport Predictive Policing Experiment Summary: Predictive policing is the application of statistical methods to identify likely targets for police intervention (the predictions) to prevent crimes or solve past crimes, followed by conducting interventions against those targets. The concept has been of high interest in recent years as evidenced by the growth of academic, policy, and editorial reports; however, there have been few formal evaluations of predictive policing efforts to date. In response, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) funded the Shreveport Police Department (SPD) in Louisiana to conduct a predictive policing experiment in 2012. SPD staff developed and estimated a statistical model of the likelihood of property crimes occurring within block-sized areas. Then, using a blocked randomized approach to identify treatment and control district pairs, districts assigned to the treatment group were given maps that highlighted blocks predicted to be at higher risk of property crime. These districts were also provided with overtime resources to conduct special operations. Control districts conducted property crime-related special operations using overtime resources as well, just targeting areas that had recently seen property crimes (hot spots). This study presents results of an evaluation of the processes in addition to the impacts and costs of the SPD predictive policing experiment. It should be of interest to those considering predictive policing and directed law enforcement systems and operations, and to analysts conducting experiments and evaluations of public safety strategies. This evaluation is part of a larger project funded by the NIJ, composed of two phases. Phase I focuses on the development and estimation of predictive models, and Phase II involves implementation of a prevention model using the predictive model. For Phase II, RAND is evaluating predictive policing strategies conducted by the SPD and the Chicago Police Department (contract #2009-IJ-CX-K114). This report is one product from Phase II. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2014. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 4, 2014 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR500/RR531/RAND_RR531.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR500/RR531/RAND_RR531.pdf Shelf Number: 132885 Keywords: Crime AnalysisCrime PredictionCrime PreventionHot-Spots PolicingPredictive PolicingProperty Crimes |
Author: Wen, Hefei Title: The Effect of Substance Use Disorder Treatment Use on Crime: Evidence from Public Insurance Expansions and Health Insurance Parity Mandates Summary: We examine the effect of increasing the substance use disorder (SUD) treatment rate on reducing violent and property crime rates, based on county-level panels of SUD treatment and crime data between 2001 and 2008 across the United States. To address the potential endogeneity of the SUD treatment rate with respect to crime rate, we exploit the exogenous variation in the SUD treatment rate induced by two state-level policies, namely insurance expansions under the Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability (HIFA) waivers and parity mandates for SUD treatment. Once we address the endogeneity issue, we are able to demonstrate an economically meaningful reduction in the rates of robbery, aggravated assault and larceny theft attributable to an increased SUD treatment rate. A back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that a 10 percent relative increase in the SUD treatment rate at an average cost of $1.6 billion yields a crime reduction benefit of $2.5 billion to $4.8 billion. Our findings suggest that expanding insurance coverage and benefits for SUD treatment is an effective policy lever to improve treatment use, and the improved SUD treatment use can effectively and cost-effectively promote public safety through crime reduction. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series: Working Paper 20537: Accessed October 6, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2505843 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2505843 Shelf Number: 134228 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AdditionDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug Offenders (U.S.)Property CrimesRecidivismSubstance Abuse TreatmentViolent Crimes |
Author: Gately, Natalie Title: The 'oldest tricks in the book' don't work! Reports of burglary by DUMA detainees in Western Australia Summary: Research investigating the methods and motivations of burglars has typically focused on incarcerated offenders. The Australian Institute of Criminology's Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program provided an opportunity for the authors to explore the methods and motivations of those actively involved in committing burglaries, whether or not they had actually been caught or detained for that offence. The findings support Routine Activity Theory, indicating that offenders consider a number of factors in determining whether a property will be targeted for a break and enter offence. As might be expected, opportunistic burglars choose easy to access properties, stay a minimum length of time and take goods that can be disposed of easily. It was concluded that simple prevention strategies could minimise the risk of becoming a victim of opportunistic burglary, which also has implications for law enforcement, the security industry and insurance agencies. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2014. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 489: Accessed October 16, 2014 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi489.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi489.pdf Shelf Number: 133962 Keywords: Burglars (Australia)BurglaryCrime PreventionOffender Decision-MakingProperty CrimesRoutine Activity Theory |
Author: Bethencourt, Carlos Title: On the intergenerational nature of criminal behavior Summary: Empirical evidence suggests that family background and parental criminality are strong predictors of an individuals' criminal behavior. The aim of this paper is to account for this intergenerational nature of criminal behavior within a simple theoretical model. Drawing on the literature of cultural transmission, we model the dynamics of moral norms of good conduct (honest behavior). Individuals' criminal behavior and morality are strategic complementarities that reinforce each other. We establish the existence of multiple steady states and provide conditions on the socialization process under which both types - honest and dishonest - survive in the long run even though parents commit crime but at the same time agree that honesty is desirable. Our model provides a novel explanation of why crime is highly concentrated in specific areas and also why crime rates tend to be persistent over time. An empirical application reveals that our model can account for the differential reductions in property crime rates across US federal states since the 1980s. Details: Munich: Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 2014. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: MPRA Paper No. 58344: Accessed December 8, 2014 at: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58344/4/MPRA_paper_58344.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58344/4/MPRA_paper_58344.pdf Shelf Number: 134279 Keywords: Intergenerational CrimeProperty Crimes |
Author: De Stercke, Jeroen Title: An integral methodology to develop an information-led and community-orientated policy to tackle domestic burglary Summary: With over 8 registered burglaries every hour and yearly more than 69,568 registered burglaries and attempts, domestic burglary continues to be one of the biggest crime problems in Belgium. Furthermore, domestic burglary is one of the only crimes within the European Union which rises in intensity. Therefore, the policy makers need to take action. With the financial help from the European Commission, we were able to investigate this problem. This project focuses specifically on improving the policy for domestic burglary prevention, in which there is also a focus on itinerant crime groups. This was carried out by evaluating the national and European policy and by searching for possibilities to strengthen the approach. In regard to this, we developed, provided and widely diffused a methodological step-by-step plan to realize a dynamic burglary policy plan. This step-by-step plan materialized through the organization of advisory boards, focus groups, field visits and a World Cafe. With this methodological step-by-step plan, we want to support other Member States by developing multiple methods, and improve our own national policy. The action plan developed during this project can serve as an example of a good practice and therefore inspire the policy makers in the other Member States. Details: Brussels: General Directorate Security and Prevention, Belgian Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2014? 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2015 at: http://www.domesticburglary.eu/sites/default/files/domestic_burglary_GB.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.domesticburglary.eu/sites/default/files/domestic_burglary_GB.pdf Shelf Number: 134599 Keywords: Crime PreventionDomestic Burglary (Europe)Property Crimes |
Author: Cahill, Meagan Title: Foreclosures and Crime: A Space-Time Analysis Summary: Despite growing attention to the negative consequences of foreclosures in neighborhoods, very little systematic research on the outcomes of the foreclosure crisis was being conducted on the topic through the late 2000s. In 2010, the National Institute of Justice funded the Urban Institute's Justice Policy Center to fill that gap with a systematic assessment of the impacts of foreclosures and crime levels on each other. Four questions guided the present research: 1) What is the effect of foreclosures on the levels of crime in a neighborhood and how does that relationship change over time? Do the two phenomena have a circular relationship (where each affects the other simultaneously)? 2) Do foreclosures in one area have a "spillover" effect, increasing crime in a neighboring area at an immediate or later time period? 3) How do the effects of foreclosures on crime differ in the short-, medium -, and long-term? 4) What are the perceptions of key informants and residents on foreclosures and crime in their neighborhoods, on the impact of foreclosures on the crime rate, and on the best approaches to addressing the spillover effects of the foreclosure crisis? Data: The relationship between crime data and foreclosures was modeled at the census tract level for two sites: - Washington, DC; o 188 census tracts; -- Over the period Q1 2003 through Q4 2010 - Miami, FL ; -- 329 census tracts; -- Over the period Q4 2003 through Q1 2011 - Total of 6,016 data points in the DC data and a total of 9,870 data points in the Miami data. Results: - Effect of foreclosures on crime: -- Statistically significant in only one model: Miami model of foreclosure sales and violent crime; -- One percent increase in foreclosures would result in a 0.0157 percent increase in violent crimes - small enough to be considered non-existent. - In other models, the effect of foreclosures on crime was very small and non-significant - The effect of nearby foreclosures (spatially lagged foreclosures) was very small and not significant in any of the models The analysis suggests that any observed relationship between foreclosures and crime exists, more or less, because both foreclosures and crime happen in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Given this evidence, there is no reason to conclude that concentrated foreclosures, at least to the extent experienced in DC or Miami in the late 2000s, led to significant increases in crime on their own. The relationship between foreclosures and crime is complex, and indeed, in many ways, the two are related. However, evidence from a number of sources explored as part of this research-maps of the foreclosures and crime in both cities before and after the foreclosure crisis hit, reports from local experts and residents in both cities, descriptive analysis of foreclosures and crime data, and complex statistical models-suggests that the relationship is not direct, and is instead built on each event's relationships with other factors, like neighborhood characteristics that were in place before foreclosures spiked, such as poverty or other types of disadvantage. On a very small scale, such as by individual property or by block, a relationship between foreclosures and crime could exist, but if it does, we do not expect that it is widespread. Policies should not be designed to address these two phenomena alone. Instead, any policy responses should be designed to address wider community problems or disadvantage that likely lead to both higher foreclosures and higher crime. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2014. 109p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248652.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248652.pdf Shelf Number: 135209 Keywords: Economics and CrimeHousing ForeclosuresNeighborhoods and CrimeProperty CrimesVacant Properties |
Author: Council of State Governments. Justice Center Title: Justice Reinvestment in Washington: Analysis and Policy Framework Summary: Washington has the highest reported property crime rate in the nation. People convicted of property offenses have a high likelihood of committing a new crime, yet Washington is the only state in the country where supervision is not available as a sentence for most people convicted of property offenses, despite the significant impact supervision can have on reducing the likelihood of reoffending. In addition, the state's prison population is projected to grow by 6 percent over the next 10 years, from 17,502 in FY2014 to 18,542 by FY2024, in part, due to an increasing number of repeat property offenders being sentenced to prison for long lengths of stay. In 2014, the CSG Justice Center was asked to analyze Washington's criminal justice data, interview stakeholders from across the criminal justice system, and work with state leaders to develop data-driven policy options designed to reduce spending on corrections and increase public safety. Among other things, Washington's Justice Reinvestment Policy Framework would: - Adopt a new sentencing grid for felony property offenses that mandates a period of supervision and, if needed, treatment for people convicted of less serious property offenses; - Fund local law enforcement efforts to deter property crime; - Create a fund to provide financial assistance to victims of property crime; and - Incentivize counties to improve pretrial practices. The Justice Reinvestment Policy Framework would help the state avoid up to $291 million in prison construction and operating costs that would otherwise be needed to accommodate the growth that was forecast to occur by FY2024. To achieve these outcomes, the state would need to reinvest $90 million by FY2021 in law enforcement grants, supervision and treatment, support for counties, and financial assistance for victims of property crime. Through improvements to the criminal justice system, this policy framework establishes a goal of reducing the property crime rate by 15 percent by FY2021, deterring crime, and reducing recidivism. The Justice Reinvestment Policy Framework will be considered by the legislature during the 2015 session. Details: New York: Council of State Governments, 2015. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 5, 2015 at: http://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/JusticeReinvestmentinWashington.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/JusticeReinvestmentinWashington.pdf Shelf Number: 135914 Keywords: Costs of CorrectionsCosts of Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice ReformCriminal Justice systemsJustice ReinvestmentProperty CrimesSentencing Reform |
Author: Gavrilova, Evelina Title: Uncovering the Gender Participation Gap in the Crime Market Summary: Using data from the U.S. National Incident Based Reporting System we document a gender gap in the number of crimes committed in the property crime market: only 30% of the crimes are committed by women. Starting from the classical Becker's model on crime we investigate some potential reasons for the participation gap looking at the differential incentives, measured in terms of earnings and probability of arrest. We observe that women obtain on average 32% less criminal earnings and face a 10% higher probability of arrest with respect to males. Once we account for type of crime and the attributes of offending, such as weapons, we find that the earnings gap is zero on average, while females still face a 1% higher probability of arrest than males. We also observe that females sort into offense types, characterized by a lower variation in the earnings risk, which reveals that females in the crime market are more risk averse than males. Furthermore, we analyze the participation gap by looking at the perceived incentives. We estimate the elasticities of crime with respect to the expected earnings and to the expected probability of not being arrested for both genders. We find that males respond to both these incentives, while females respond less to the incentive for higher earnings than males and they do not respond to the probability of arrest. Finally, we use a Blinder-Oaxaca type decomposition technique to measure crime differentials between females and males that arise due to different responses to incentives. We find that, in a counter factual scenario where the female elasticities increase to the level of the male ones, women would commit 40% more crimes than they actually do, reducing the male-female participation gap by almost 50%. Details: Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor, 2015. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 8982: Accessed July 20, 2015 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8982.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8982.pdf Shelf Number: 136111 Keywords: Crime StatisticsFemale OffendersProceeds of CrimeProperty Crimes |
Author: Mahuteau, Stephane Title: Crime Victimisation and Subjective Well-Being: Panel Evidence from Australia Summary: This paper estimates the effect of physical violence and property crimes on subjective wellbeing in Australia. Our methodology improves on previous contributions by (i) controlling for the endogeneity of victimisation and (ii) analysing the heterogeneous effect of victimization along the whole distribution of well-being. Using fixed effects panel estimation, we find that both types of crimes reduce reported well-being to a large extent, with physical violence exerting a larger average effect than property crimes. Furthermore, using recently developed panel data quantile regression model with fixed effects, we show that the negative effects of both crimes are highly heterogeneous, with a monotonic decrease over the distribution of subjective well-being. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2015. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 9253: Accessed August 17, 2015 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9253.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9253.pdf Shelf Number: 136441 Keywords: Property CrimesVictimization Victims of Crime |
Author: Ellen, Ingrid Gould Title: The Impact of Foreclosures on Neighborhood Crime Summary: In the last few years, mortgage foreclosures have uprooted millions of households, and many have expressed concern that the foreclosed homes they leave behind are increasing crime. The three papers that emerged from our project study this question by examining whether and how elevated foreclosures affect different types of crime in the immediately surrounding area, in five cities around the country. In our first paper, we use point-specific, longitudinal crime and foreclosure data from New York City to examine how foreclosures affect crime on the same blockface- an individual street segment including properties on both sides of the street. We compare changes in crime on blockfaces after homes on the blockface enter foreclosure to changes on other blockfaces in the same neighborhood that did not experience foreclosures during the same time period. To bolster our confidence in a causal relationship, we also estimate regressions that control for future foreclosure notices. These future foreclosures cannot affect crime today, but they help to capture unobserved differences in trends between those blockfaces where foreclosures occur and those where they do not. In brief, while much of the association between foreclosures and crime is explained by both occurring on similar blockfaces, we find that marginal foreclosures on a blockface lead to a small number of additional violent and public order crimes. Our results are robust to both OLS and negative binomial estimation. As expected, effects are largest for foreclosed properties that go all the way through the foreclosure process to an auction. The effects of foreclosure extend to crime on neighboring blockfaces, but these effects are attenuated. When estimating threshold-level models, we find that foreclosures have a larger effect on crime after there are three foreclosures on the block. In our second two papers we focus more on identifying mechanisms and also extend our analysis to four other cities to test for generalizability. Our second paper, focused on Chicago, finds similar results as we did in New York City: an increase in the number of properties that receive foreclosure notices appears to increase total, violent, and public order crime on blockfaces in Chicago. In addition, our estimates suggest that foreclosures change the location of crime. They increase crime that occurs inside residences, but if anything reduce crime outside on the street. Foreclosures are also associated with substantively large (but weakly estimated) effects on crime within vacant buildings. Finally, increases in foreclosures are associated with increases in the number of 311 calls made to the City of Chicago about problems such as vacant buildings, rodents, graffiti, and other types of physical disorder increase in the following quarter. This suggests that the crime increase may come from an increase in physical disorder. In our third paper, we explore the relationship between foreclosures and crime in five cities, Atlanta, Chicago, Miami, New York, and Philadelphia. Overall, we find that properties banks take over through foreclosure (real estate owned or REO) are associated with higher crime both in the census tract and on the blockface. However, once we control for the number of properties in the foreclosure process (which we can do in three cities), we find no evidence that the presence of REO properties increases crime. Rather, it is the properties on the way to foreclosure auctions that appear to elevate crime. In other words, the crime increases caused by foreclosures appear to be driven by the reduced maintenance and investment of 'limbo' properties that are in transition to bank ownership. Collectively, these results suggest that local law enforcement and housing agencies should track foreclosure notices and monitor properties as they go through the foreclosure process, as their owners have little incentive to maintain them. Details: Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice, 2015. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 21, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248653.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248653.pdf Shelf Number: 136845 Keywords: Economics and Crime Housing Foreclosures Mortgage ForeclosuresNeighborhoods and CrimeProperty Crimes Urban Areas and CrimeVacant Properties |
Author: Manski, Charles Title: How Do Right-To-Carry Laws Affect Crime Rates? Coping With Ambiguity Using Bounded-Variation Assumptions Summary: Despite dozens of studies, research on crime in the United States has struggled to reach consensus about the impact of right-to-carry (RTC) gun laws. Empirical results are highly sensitive to seemingly minor variations in the data and model. How then should research proceed? We think that policy analysis is most useful if researchers perform inference under a spectrum of assumptions of varying identifying power, recognizing the tension between the strength of assumptions and their credibility. With this in mind, we formalize and apply a class of assumptions that flexibly restrict the degree to which policy outcomes may vary across time and space. Our bounded variation assumptions weaken in various respects the invariance assumptions commonly made by researchers who assume that certain features of treatment response are constant across space or time. Using bounded variation assumptions, we present empirical analysis of the effect of RTC laws on violent and property crimes. We allow the effects to vary across crimes, years and states. To keep the analysis manageable, we focus on drawing inferences for three states - Virginia, Maryland, and Illinois. We find there are no simple answers; empirical findings are sensitive to assumptions, and vary over crimes, years, and states. With some assumptions, the data do not reveal whether RTC laws increase or decrease the crime rate. With others, RTC laws are found to increase some crimes, decrease other crimes, and have effects that vary over time for others. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper No. 21701: Accessed March 18, 2016 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21701.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21701.pdf Shelf Number: 138332 Keywords: Gun LawsGun PolicyGun-Related ViolenceProperty CrimesRight-to-Carry |
Author: Pew Charitable Trusts Title: The Effects of Changing State Theft Penalties: Increased felony thresholds have not resulted in higher property crime or larceny rates Summary: Since 2001, at least 30 states have raised their felony theft thresholds, or the value of stolen money or goods above which prosecutors may charge theft offenses as felonies, rather than misdemeanors. Felony offenses typically carry a penalty of at least a year in state prison, while misdemeanors generally result in probation or less than a year in a locally run jail. Lawmakers have made these changes to prioritize costly prison space for more serious offenders and ensure that value-based penalties take inflation into account. A felony theft threshold of $1,000 established in 1985, for example, is equivalent to more than twice that much in 2015 dollars. Critics have warned that these higher cutoff points might embolden offenders and cause property crime, particularly larceny, to rise. To determine whether their concerns have proved to be true, The Pew Charitable Trusts examined crime trends in the 23 states that raised their felony theft thresholds between 2001 and 2011, a period that allows analysis of each jurisdiction from three years before to three years after the policy change. Pew also compared trends in states that raised their thresholds during this period with those that did not. This chartbook illustrates three important conclusions from the analysis: -Raising the felony theft threshold has no impact on overall property crime or larceny rates. -States that increased their thresholds reported roughly the same average decrease in crime as the 27 states that did not change their theft laws. -The amount of a state's felony theft threshold-whether it is $500, $1,000, $2,000, or more-is not correlated with its property crime and larceny rates. Details: Philadelphia: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2016. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2016 at: http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/02/the_effects_of_changing_state_theft_penalties.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/02/the_effects_of_changing_state_theft_penalties.pdf Shelf Number: 138450 Keywords: LarcenyProperty CrimesTheft |
Author: Smith, Martha J. Title: Using Civil Actions Against Property to Control Crime Problems Summary: This guide addresses the use of civil remedies to control and prevent crime and disorder occurring at real-property locations, such as individual addresses or geographical areas. In general, the focus of the enforcement is not usually the potential offender, but rather someone who has control over property that has been, or might be, used in the commission of a crime. The civil remedy may be used in place of-or often in tandem with - criminal penalties as a coercive incentive for the person (or business) who is the focus of the potential remedy to do (or refrain from doing) a particular thing. Focusing on the underlying crime opportunities provided at a particular place helps to limit the frustrations involved in revolving-door policing (i.e., offense commission, calls for service, arrest, conviction on a minor charge, release, and repeat). This guide provides general explanations about the types of civil remedies that you can use to address crime at particular places and points out a number of issues you should consider before using these remedies. Examples of placed-focused civil remedies are set out in the main text, and in Appendixes C and D. These remedies can be used to control a variety of crime opportunities focused on places, depending on the particular type of civil remedy used and the language set out in the legal regulations themselves, which differ across jurisdictions. While a number of different types of crime problems that can benefit from the use of civil remedies are mentioned in this guide, two types of crime-and-place problems have been highlighted - drug-related crime in housing (particularly government-run or supported housing) and alcohol-related crime and disorder in and around licensed premises (i.e., bars, pubs, and clubs). Appendixes C and D summarize some of the key features of prevention schemes addressing these two crime problems, providing examples of situations in which they have been used both successfully and unsuccessfully. Historically, these problem places have been the focus of close government regulation, and the prevention schemes set out here reflect the use of existing statutory powers as well as the development of new regulatory mechanisms. Many, but not all of these, used the SARA approach of problem-oriented policing to frame the steps taken to address the problems. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2013. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Response Guides Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, no. 11: Accessed July 20, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p277-pub.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p277-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139750 Keywords: Civil RemediesCrime PreventionProblem-Oriented PolicingProperty Crimes |
Author: Erken, Engin Title: The micro-spatial link between open-air drug markets and crime Summary: In the 1980s, the United States experienced a significant increase in drug offenses and associated fear of crime among residents. Substantial research has been devoted to the proposition of drug addiction and crime to examine whether drug consumption makes addicts commit a crime, or crime-prone individuals are more likely to become drug addicts. However, the research about the relationship between the area where drugs are sold, namely open-air drug markets, and crime rates is sparse. The ecological criminology and opportunity theories that investigate the relationship between the crime and place, as well as informal social control mechanisms inspired many criminologists to investigate the distribution of crime at micro-spatial areas. Advances in the geographic information systems and technology in the late 1980s have allowed scholars to demonstrate crime distribution at micro places, which are very small geographic areas, such as addresses or street segments. Empirical research on micro crime places indicates that less than five percent of these micro settings account around for 50 percent of the offence incidents for an extended period. Additionally, crime significantly clusters at micro places, where illegal drug markets exist, as compared to non-drug hot spots. The current study examines the spatial correlation between open-air drug markets and violent and property crimes at the block level. Considering that using block group or census tract level data fail to capture block by block variation of crime, the variables were constructed from parcel-tax data. Using GeoDa's local spatial autocorrelation (LISA) analysis and regression functionality to identify violent and property crime clusters, results revealed a substantial effect of alcohol-related establishments on the elevated levels of crime that residents experience. The overwhelming impact of alcohol-related establishments on the occurrence of crime incidents hindered to examine the true extent of the role of open-air drug markets associated with the elevated levels of crime. However, the results, in conjunction with the significant body of empirical research on micro crime places, demonstrate that only less than five percent of the city blocks account for the high-high clusters of the offense incidents. Details: Camden, NJ: Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 2016. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/49795/ Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/49795/ Shelf Number: 139920 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Crime Drug Markets Drug Trafficking Property Crimes |
Author: Goldsmid, Susan Title: Methamphetamine use and acquisitive crime: Evidence of a relationship Summary: Methamphetamine use among Australian police detainees is rising; the impact of this rise on crime trends, and particularly on trends in acquisitive crime, is yet to be established. Identifying trends in and motivations for offending among methamphetamine users may assist law enforcement and policymakers to better target resources. This paper examines the engagement in acquisitive crime, and perceived motivations for methamphetaminedriven crime, of a sample of Australian police detainees recruited in 2013 through the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia program. Methamphetamine users reported deriving a significantly higher proportion of their income from crime than non-users. Logistic regression analysis reveals the use of methamphetamine, heroin and/or cannabis predicts engagement in acquisitive crime when other drug use and polydrug use is controlled for. In addition, methamphetamine users reported their use played a contributing role in their offending, most commonly through intoxication or the need for money to purchase drugs. The findings indicate recent methamphetamine use increases the risk of engagement in acquisitive offences. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2016. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 516: Accessed November 2, 2016 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi516.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi516.pdf Shelf Number: 145776 Keywords: Acquisitive CrimeDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug OffendersDrugs and CrimeMethamphetamineProperty Crimes |
Author: Christenson, Blake Richard Title: Assessing Foreclosure and Crime at Street Segments in Mecklenburg, County, North Carolina Summary: Foreclosures are potentially problematic for neighborhood crime rates by providing crime attractors to residential communities. In the past, like many criminogenic features, foreclosures were typically seen as an inner city problem; however, in the wake of the housing market collapse of 2008 precipitated by suspect banking practices, foreclosures were particularly impacting young and new middle class homeowners (i.e., people with little credit history or assets). This study improves upon past research in two areas. First, instead of using large heterogeneous units of analysis (e.g., block groups, tracts, counties), this study uses street blocks. Street blocks, here, are preferred because of their relative homogeneity, especially when compared to large aggregate areal units. Second, this study restricts crime to only those that occur in residential areas. The routine activities surrounding residential areas are substantially different from those surrounding other land uses. Chi-square results show a significant and positive relationship between foreclosure and crime. Moran's I shows a significant positive relationship between foreclosure and crime. LISA analysis additionally provides insight into the importance of locational characteristics that may further shed light on the foreclosure-crime relationship. Results here suggest further research of the foreclosure-crime relationship should utilize street segments as the base unit of analysis and control for crime location. Details: Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2013. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 26, 2017 at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1091/ Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1091/ Shelf Number: 146379 Keywords: ForeclosureHousing ForeclosuresNeighborhoods and CrimeProperty Crimes |
Author: Groff, Elizabeth Title: Micro-Level Policing for Preventing Near Repeat Residential Burglary Summary: One of the biggest challenges in policing is anticipating where and when crime will occur in order to efficiently deploy police resources. Near repeat victimization is a known crime pattern that can inform police intervention and deployment strategies. It occurs when targets that are near an original target of crime are victimized soon after. The near repeat pattern for burglary can be used to inform the testing of different intervention strategies to prevent additional burglaries. Methodology Researchers worked with the Baltimore County Police Department and the City of Redlands (CA) Police Department to conduct a randomized controlled field trial (RCT) in each jurisdiction. The RCT was designed to test whether providing timely crime prevention information to neighbors of a residential burglary victim could interrupt the near repeat pattern for an area. The study targeted the delivery of crime prevention to the micro level space-time window of significant risk rather than to an entire neighborhood. The crime prevention strategies used were community driven and the communities were surveyed on their perception of the police intervention strategy. The study required the use of custom designed software to randomly allocate high risk burglary zones to either a treatment or control group. The software is open source and available to departments interested in implementing a near repeat crime intervention strategy. Findings Analyses between treatment and control zones in the study sites found little difference between the two groups on residential burglary outcome. It appears the quick intervention of the agencies was not sufficient to reduce follow on burglary. In general, however, the amount of follow on burglary in the treatment areas was lower than in the control areas. However, the count was low, so our ability to identify statistical differences was reduced. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2018. 125p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 10, 2018 at: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/1.-2012-IJ-CX-0039-TECHNICAL-REPORT.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/1.-2012-IJ-CX-0039-TECHNICAL-REPORT.pdf Shelf Number: 152891 Keywords: Burglary Crime Prevention Crime Prevention Publicity Property CrimesRepeat Victimization Residential Burglary |
Author: Gladfelter, Andrew S. Title: Fish Out of Water: Developing a Theory of Person-place Mismatch and Victimization Summary: Moving can bring both positive and negative outcomes. One of the negative outcomes of moving is an increased risk of criminal victimization. This dissertation uses the concept of hysteresis (person-place mismatch) to explain how, in three stages, victimization risk might increase: (1) for some people, moving may contribute to a real or perceived inability to fit in a new neighborhood, (2) this lack of fit may affect how individuals behave in the new environment, and (3) these behavioral adaptations may influence victimization risk. Hysteresis is measured across two domains: extrinsic or objective mismatch, such as being black in a white neighborhood, and intrinsic or subjective mismatch, such as a feeling of not belonging or not being able to make friends. Additionally, two forms of behavior are examined: (1) protective behaviors, such as locking doors, avoiding certain areas, and other constrained behavioral adaptations, and (2) maladaptive behaviors, such as drinking, substance use, and offending. Finally, victimization is measured in terms of violent crime, property crime, and bias-related experiences. Three studies are conducted to examine patterns across four different samples. Study 1 is an analysis of a randomized housing voucher experiment that attempted to relocate residents from impoverished, inner-city housing projects to more affluent neighborhoods. The study consists of two samples - adults and youth. Study 2 examines the proposed model of hysteresis in a sample of college students at Penn State, with particular emphasis on property victimization. Study 3 assesses the relevance of the model to hate crimes and bias activity at Penn State. All three studies use structural equation modeling to test whether hysteresis and behavior mediate the relationship between residential mobility and victimization. Overall, results support the idea that movers may experience hysteresis, that hysteresis may be correlated with behavioral adaptations, and that behavior may be correlated with victimization risk. However, results across studies suggest a more complex pattern in that hysteresis and its effects depend on the types of respondents, types of moves, types of neighborhood conditions, and types of outcomes being measured. Future research should strive to employ longitudinal designs to address temporal ordering and causality. Details: State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2016. 329p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 14, 2018 at: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/12545 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/12545 Shelf Number: 153469 Keywords: Hate Crimes Neighborhoods and Crime Property CrimesVictimization Victims of Crime |